In addition to his work on practical ethical and policy issues, Professor London maintains an active research program on foundational ethical and methodological issues in theoretical and practical ethics. He has explored the value of dignity in Kantian moral frameworks and the challenges this concept poses for rational decision making, in both group and individual choice settings. He has also written about methodological issues in practical ethics.
Ethical Issues In Modern Medicine Steinbock Pdf
Globethics.net ( ) Produced by a global network of ethicists and ethics institutions, Globalethics.net was organized at the 2003 World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), a UNESCO meeting held in Paris each year. It includes links to journals such as The Internet Journal of Law, Healthcare and Ethics that contain articles on neuroethical issues.
Physicians vary widely in their familiarity with ethical theories and methods and their sensitivity toward ethical issues. It is important for physicians to improve their skills in addressing ethical questions through formal undergraduate and graduate medical education, organized continuing education, or personal experience and reading as well as discussion with others.
In recent decades, medical ethics has been dominated by principle-based ethics 1 2 3. In this approach, four principles offer a systematic and relatively objective way to identify, analyze, and address ethical issues, problems, and dilemmas: 1) respect for patient autonomy, 2) beneficence, 3) nonmaleficence, and 4) justice. (These four principles will be discussed in some detail in subsequent sections.) However, critics claim that a principle-based approach cannot adequately resolve or even helpfully evaluate many difficult clinical problems. As a result, several other perspectives and frameworks have emerged: virtue-based ethics, an ethic of care, feminist ethics, communitarian ethics, and case-based reasoning, all of which have merit as well as limitations 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. As this discussion will stress, these different perspectives and frameworks are not necessarily mutually exclusive. They often are complementary because each emphasizes some important features of moral reasoning, agents, situations, actions, or relationships. Perspectives such as an ethic of care or feminist ethics also may change the lens through which to view both principles and particular situations in which decisions have to be made.
Often, more than one course of action may be morally justifiable. At times, however, no course of action may seem acceptable because each may result in significant harms or compromise important principles or values. Nevertheless, the clinician must select one of the available options, justify that decision by ethical reasons, and apply the same critical thinking faculties that would be applied to issues of medical evidence. An analysis of the various factors involved in ethical decisions can aid attempts to resolve difficult cases. In addition, the involvement of individuals with a variety of backgrounds and perspectives can be useful in addressing ethical questions. Informal or formal consultation with those from related services or with a hospital ethics committee can help ensure that all stakeholders, viewpoints, and options are considered as a decision is made.
I am interested in defending a robust form of ethical realism that involves a non-naturalistic metaphysics of ethical facts and properties as well as an external reasons theory that allows for the categoricity of moral requirements. In addition to critiquing neo-Kantian constructivism, neo-Humean theories of reasons, and naturalistic forms of realism, I also have particular interests in critiquing common appeals to natural teleology and/or evolution in metaethical or ethical arguments. I have recently focused especially on providing a realist response to evolutionary debunking arguments, and on related issues in moral epistemology. Finally, I am interested in problems concerning normative ignorance and moral responsibility.
My work in applied ethics has been mainly in bioethics (the moral status of embryos, non-reproductive cloning, ethical issues in human subjects research) and in environmental ethics (the non-instrumental value of nature; climate change and the rights of future generations). 2ff7e9595c
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